Suicide and Pesticide Use among Pesticide Applicators and Their Essay

Suicide and Pesticide Use among Pesticide Applicators and Their Spouses in the Agricultural Health Study - Essay Example is associated with the exposure to the "organophosphate pesticides." Even with the many deaths associated with the use of pesticides such as OP and the chlorpyrifos, the articles sole purpose focuses centrally on how the organophosphate pesticides(OP) results to suicide among the users and their spouses in the agricultural health study (Beard, et al., 2011). As per the methodology, the article focuses on the agricultural health studys cohort (1993-1997) who provided data on the lifestyle and the demographic factors, and pesticide use and exposure at the beginning of enrollment (1993). Most of these applicators were men with women forming the most spouses. The information was recorded systematically according to the age, the location, the sex, and the health diagnostic of the cohort. The authors also assessed the rate of exposure of each individual, the statistical methods used was the "COX proportional regression model." The main reason for choosing the model was that it would show the estimated hazard ratios, another model used in the article includes the stratifying models. In the stratifying model, the categorization was in terms of using protective gear (chemical resistant gears), the number of children, and the location (Beard, et al., 2011). Under the Cox model, the researchers investigated both the applicators and their spouses combined, this is because the data gathered relating to the spouses was too little, hence could not be analyzed alone. Later the covariates associated with suicides in both age-adjusted and age-adjusted models and the unadjusted models, under this they used the "Schwarz Bayesian and the Akaike information criterions." Under the stratifying models the researchers compares the HRs using the two strata, these models included the race and the marital status. The marital status and the race categories include the individuals that had ever used pesticides and those diagnosed with diabetes. The authors results collected showed that the

Alcohol Market Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alcohol Market - Assignment Example Traditions are notoriously difficult to break within an culture, especially those that are associated with good times, excitement and an escape from the more somber aspects of life. The market is also influence by the fact that a tee-totaler is often regarded with a mixture of suspicion and derision by the very customers that would need to buy NAB/LAB. A person who does not drink alcohol is seen as someone who will lessen the jovial spirit at any social gathering. A sober person among the drunk is somewhat out of place. The drinking people feel it and that person is often not welcome. Kaliber overcame this in a number of ways. First, it was produced by Guinness corporation, which is associated with one of the most famous beers in the world. Thus there was at least a chance this NAB would stand a chance of at least being considered. Second, the choice of a Billy Connolly as a spokesperson was an attempt to transform the idea that non-alcoholic drinks are "not fun" into the idea that one could indeed have a good time while drinking them. Connolly's public image was one of the drunken Scotsman, a near out-of-control comedian who lived a legendary wild life of debauchery. This was an attempt to overcome the most basic and overriding problem that Kaliber faced: that non-alcoholic drinks are somehow less macho and/or feminine than alcoholic drinks. A perhaps disarming, but in hindsight brilliant move was to have Connolly talk about the beer in a serious manner. His deadpan delivery of the advert was not expected, but in a sense placed the beer as a "straight man" to the funny man of alcoholic beer. By the straight man is just as much part of the entertainment within a comedy routine, and by association, a NAB such as Kaliber could be part of the overall, happy social experience of a pub. The idea was to suggest that alcohol is not the defining factor, but rather the sociability and conviviality of the drinking situation. The choice of Billy Connolly as a spokesman personified this idea. Why did Guinness and the agency then feel it was necessary to reposition the Kaliber brand The basic reason for the repositioning of Kaliber was that, while the market was growing and Kaliber had a 30% share of that market, but by 1989 the market had stagnated and it appeared that low alcohol beers would become dominant as the public perceived them as tasting better and also that they were easier to brew. The Kaliber brand needed to be repositioned because it was in danger of losing its leadership position, not because of any particular weaknesses within the product itself, but because of the changing fortunes of the NAB versus LAB dynamic in general. How successful was the campaign The campaign involved Connolly in sober tones stating that you could drink as much NAB as you liked, but that LAB could get you drunk, with all the bad possibilities thus appearing. The results were startling and overwhelming positive. Thus awareness of Kaliber as an alcohol-free brand rose from 40% to 70%, and preference for NAB in general over LAB in general grew from 39% to 52%. As the case study states, "between July 1989 and the end of 1990, Kaliber's share grew from 12% to 20%." Again, the campaign itself was effected by