Why The Criminal Justice System Works Will Only Make Me A...

My Why My desire to help young adolescents who are remanded to the foster system regardless of their circumstances has pushed me in pursuing a Criminal Justice degree and has furthered my desire to become a Victim Advocate. Understanding how the criminal justice system works will only make me a better Victim Advocate. The ability to provide information and consolation on what victimization is, can help anyone who is going through a traumatizing experience. It can even lessen the intensity of trauma when there is someone present who understands and can empathize with the victim. A Victim Advocate is also essential in explaining the legal and protections of a victim, providing information on the criminal justice process, providing emotional†¦show more content†¦The ability to remember, comprehend, apply, evaluate, analyze, and create are key components to an effective victim advocate. Remember: According to the Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy the ability to remember relies heavily on the distinguished differences between â€Å"recollective memory† versus â€Å"habit memory† (Sutton, 2010). These differences in memory are marked by â€Å"grammatical, phenomenological, and (on some views) psychological and neural difference† which in turn create the memory system (Sutton, 2010). This marked ability of remembering is crucial as it encompasses both behavior and thought, and being a Victim Advocate entails both acting and thinking remembering behaviors, actions, and knowledge previously learned through text and actions that will provide the victim with the best. Memory is essential in how society operates, learned behavior relies heavily on memory, and these memories can often be negative. Learned negative behaviors such as abuse are directly related to events in a person’s life, these memories will manifest into behaviors. Verbal abuse is one of the easiest and common forms of abuse that stem from the environment. Whether a person consciously remembers these abuses is not always significant but it has a large impact on the behaviors of a person. I have executed an assignment on verbal abuse, and what I have learned is that memory can be tricky. A

Wootz Steel Raw Material for Damascus Steel Blades

Wootz steel is the name given to an exceptional grade of iron ore steel first made in southern and south-central India and Sri Lanka perhaps as early as 400 BCE. Middle Eastern blacksmiths used wootz ingots from the Indian subcontinent to produce extraordinary steel weaponry throughout the middle ages, known as Damascus steel. Wootz (called hypereutectoid by modern metallurgists) is not specific to a particular outcrop of iron ore but is instead a manufactured product created by using a sealed, heated crucible to introduce high levels of carbon into any iron ore. The resulting carbon content for wootz is reported variously but falls between 1.3-2 percent of the total weight. Why Wootz Steel is Famous The term wootz first appears in English in the late 18th century, by metallurgists who conducted the first experiments trying to break down its elemental nature. The word wootz may have been a mistranscription by scholar Helenus Scott of utsa, the word for a fountain in Sanscrit; ukku, the word for steel in the Indian language Kannada, and/or uruku, to make molten in old Tamil. However, what wootz refers today is not what the 18th-century European metallurgists thought it was. Wootz steel became known to Europeans in the early Medieval period when they visited Middle Eastern bazaars and found blacksmiths making amazing blades, axes, swords, and protective armor with gorgeous water-marked surfaces. These so-called Damascus steels may be named for the famous bazaar in Damascus or the damask-like pattern that was formed on the blade. The blades were hard, sharp, and able to bend up to a 90-degree angle without breaking, as the Crusaders found to their dismay. But the Greeks and Romans were aware that the crucible process came from India. In the first century CE, the Roman scholar Pliny the Elders Natural History  mentions the importation of iron from Seres, which likely refers to the southern Indian kingdom of Cheras. The 1st century CE report called Periplus of the Erythraen Sea includes an explicit reference to iron and steel from India. In the 3rd century CE, the Greek alchemist Zosimos mentioned that the Indians made steel for high-quality swords by melting the steel. Iron Production Process There are three main types of pre-modern iron manufacture: bloomery, blast furnace, and crucible. Bloomery, first known in Europe about 900 BCE, involves heating iron ore with charcoal and then reducing it to form a solid product, called a bloom of iron and slag. Bloomery iron has a low carbon content (0.04 percent by weight) and it produces wrought iron. Blast furnace technology, invented in China in the 11th century CE, combines higher temperatures and a greater reduction process, resulting in cast iron, which has a 2–4 percent carbon content but is too brittle for blades. With crucible iron, blacksmiths place pieces of bloomery iron along with carbon-rich material into crucibles. The crucibles are then sealed and heated over a period of days to temperatures between 1300–1400 degrees centigrade. In that process, the iron absorbs the carbon and is liquefied by it, allowing the complete separation of slag. The produced wootz cakes were then allowed to cool extremely slowly. Those cakes were then exported to arms manufacturers in the Middle East who carefully forged the fearsome Damascus steel blades, in a process which created the watered-silk or damask-like patterns. Crucible steel, invented in the Indian subcontinent at least as early as 400 BCE, contains an intermediate level of carbon, 1–2 percent, and compared to the other products is an ultra-high carbon steel with high ductility for forging and high impact strength and reduced brittleness suitable for making blades. Age of Wootz Steel Iron making was part of Indian culture as early as 1100 BCE, at sites such as Hallur. The earliest evidence for the wootz type processing of iron includes the fragments of crucibles and metal particles identified at the 5th century BCE sites of Kodumanal and Mel-siruvalur, both in Tamil Nadu. Molecular investigation of an iron cake and tools from Junnar in Deccan province and dating to the Satavahana dynasty (350 BCE–136 CE) is clear evidence that crucible technology was widespread in India by this period. The crucible steel artifacts found at Junnar were not swords or blades, but rather awls and chisels, tools for everyday working purposes such as rock carving and bead making. Such tools need to be strong without becoming brittle. The crucible steel process promotes those characteristics by attaining long-range structural homogeneity and inclusion-free conditions. Some evidence suggests that the wootz process is older still. Sixteen hundred kilometers north of Junnar, at Taxila in present-day Pakistan, archaeologist John Marshall found three sword blades with 1.2–1.7 percent carbon steel, dated somewhere between the 5th century BCE and 1st century CE. An iron ring from a context at Kadebakele in Karnataka dated between 800–440 BCE has a composition close to .8 percent carbon and it  may very well be crucible steel. Sources Dube, R. K. Wootz: Erroneous Transliteration of Sanskrit  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Utsa† Used for Indian Crucible Steel. JOM 66.11 (2014): 2390–96. Print.Durand–Charre, M., F. Roussel–Dherbey, and S. Coindeau. Les Aciers Damassà ©s Dà ©cryptà ©s. Revue de Mà ©tallurgie 107.04 (2010): 131–43. Print.Grazzi, F., et al. Determination of the Manufacturing Methods of Indian Swords through Neutron Diffraction. Microchemical Journal 125 (2016): 273–78. Print.Kumar, Vinod, R. Balasubramaniam, and P. Kumar. Microstructure Evolution in Deformed Ultrahigh Carbon Low Alloy (Wootz) Steel. Materials Science Forum 702–703.802–805 (2012). Print.Park, Jang–Sik, and Vasant Shinde. Technology, Chronology and the Role of Crucible Steel as Inferred from Iron Objects of the Ancient Site at Junnar, India. Journal of Archaeological Science 40.11 (2013): 3991–98. Print.Reibold, M., et al. Structure of Several Historic Blades at Nanoscale. Crystal Resear ch and Technology 44.10 (2009): 1139–46. Print.Sukhanov, D.A., et al. Morphology of Excess Carbides Damascus Steel. Journal of Materials Science Research 5.3 (2016). Print.

The Spread of Western Imperialism - 991 Words

In 1853, Western imperialism was at its height. It was spreading to several countries. The British colonized India, the Dutch colonized Indonesia, the United States colonized the Philippines, and the French colonized Vietnam. In 1929, the crash of the stock market brought a worldwide depression, known as the Great Depression. The depression caused instability in many countries. International commerce declined and tax revenues, profits, and personal income decreased. The Great Depression especially impacted countries that were in need of raw materials. Between the time of 1853 to 1941, Japan’s culture and political structure changed anticipating westernization because they wanted to be seen as equals to the Western countries. Japan also became more militaristic so that they would not be seen as a victim of imperialism. Although Japan experienced some changes, Japan continued the ideology of kokutai as a method for imperial advancement. Japan’s cultural and political structure changed from being a weak isolated nation to a modern imperialist country. Before Japan westernized, it was under the rule of the Tokugawa Shogunate. This was an agricultural economy with a population of 13 billion. Japan did not associate with any other country because they believed foreign influence was a destabilizing factor. This resulted in overcrowded farms and scarce minerals. In 1853, Commodore Perry came to Japan with big black ships. The technological advancements of the ships shocked theShow MoreRelatedThe Western Culture : Cultural Imperialism1169 Words   |  5 PagesGlobalization has played a significant role in helping the spread of ideas and cultures across countries and continents on a new scale never seen before. The spread of culture began a long time ago with people sailing around the world in search of adventure and resources. 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Cross Cultural Communication free essay sample

Sylwia Zdziech Master of Science in International Business Economics Lazarski University Warsaw Cross-cultural Communications: A Real Challenge For Diplomats? International networking of individual, state, corporate, NGO, cultural, and social activities, intensified by the process of globalization have strengthen the need of cross-cultural communication. It is beyond doubt that culture covers the entirety of the humans life. Most human activities that are related to the societys activities are shaped by culture (Piotrkiewicz 67-68). Every culture is determined by different social odes: customs, fashion, music, society relations, linguistic norms, etc. To be more specific, when one says its history in Poland the words are associated with something important that determines peoples lives. However, when one says its history in the United States, it is perceived as something insignificant, past that has no influence on the present life (Ogonowska 12). Cross-cultural communication is an issue which frequently generates a great deal of heated debate. This includes non-verbal as well as verbal communication. Cross cultural communication also requires an understanding of a groups â€Å"do’s and taboos† and is respectful of them. This may include removing your shoes before entering ones home or understanding cultural meal etiquette. If you frequently communicate with a certain cultural group or race of people, learning about their variations in communication style will increase your understanding of that group. This is particular important when it comes to health care. I found interest in the cultural differences of Muslim Americans (part of Middle Eastern culture). When considering the healthcare needs of American Muslim patients, require open minded views from health care providers when it comes to religious practice, rituals, and traditions. Religious values and beliefs are important to this community. They are a major influence in their health care practices, expectations of health care and medical decision making. Muslims see God as the dictator and controller of health. They believe that God decides who develops certain types of cancer, who survives the ordeal and who succumbs to the disease. Their belief that a particular illness is a disease of fate greatly influences how they seek healthcare, if at all. This is because some feel they are destined to suffer while others put all of their faith in prayer. This is why it is crucial for health care providers to be sensitive to the religious beliefs of Muslim Americans. Making an effort to accommodate Muslim patients can be crucial to their health. It will increase the trust they have for the health care community. This will encourage them to seek health care, as well as be compliant to medical treatments. Certain things to consider are customs such fasting during Ramadan and their adherence to dietary restrictions. It is also important to be sensitive to the needs of females in this community. It is not acceptable for them to be examined by a male doctor. Given them a choice when it comes to gender will encourage them to seek needed health care. Proper communication skills are key to improving the health care needs of many. This includes disease awareness, along with the prevention and spread of illness. References Padela, A. , Gunter, K. , Killawi, A. (2011, June). Meeting the Healthcare Needs of American Muslims. I. S. P. U. , (), . Retrieved from http://www. ispu. org Putsch, R. W. (1985, December). The Special Case of Interpreters in Health Care. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 254(23), . Retrieved from